
1. DETECTION & ALARM SYSTEMS
The B.I.O. framework highlights the importance of detection and alarm systems as critical components of fire safety in buildings. A fire detection system consists of smoke or heat detectors that emit warning signals (audible or visual) to alert occupants and prompt early evacuation. Early fire detection is crucial in preventing fatalities and reducing property damage.
Statistics show that early detection via smoke alarms significantly reduces fire deaths and injuries. Countries with mandatory smoke alarm regulations, such as the UK and Germany, report lower fire-related deaths compared to those with less coverage. Correct placement and interconnection of smoke alarms ensure timely warnings, especially during sleep or in large buildings.
Compliance with EU standards for detection systems and regular maintenance are essential. Awareness campaigns and regulations promoting the installation of these systems are vital for improving fire safety across Europe.
2. SMOKE MANAGEMENT
In the event of a fire, smoke poses a significant threat due to its rapid spread, the damage it causes to structures and the clogging of exits. Effective smoke management is critical for safe evacuation and support for firefighters.
Dangers of Smoke:
- High temperature and rapid spread: Smoke can accelerate the spread of fire.
- Damage to structures: Even areas not affected by fire can be damaged by smoke and corrosive gases.
- Blocking escape routes: Smoke can block escape routes and trap people.
- Reduced visibility: Thick smoke makes it difficult to find the source of the fire and therefore slow down its extinguishing.
Smoke Management Strategies:
- Dilution: Intake of fresh air that pushes smoke upwards, allowing people to escape from low to the floor. This is achieved by ventilation systems or air ducts.


- Stratification: Air power supply that keeps smoke in the upper part of the room, cleaning the lower areas for evacuation.
- Pressure Differential System (PDS): Creation by mechanical means of overpressure in critical areas such as stairs, preventing smoke from entering. Fans, valves and ventilation openings are used.
- Smoke compartmentalization: Use curtains and barriers to limit smoke in specific areas and prevent its spread.
Key points:
- Smoke management is not about extinguishing the fire, but about the safe evacuation of occupants and easier access for firefighters.
- The systems must be designed and maintained in collaboration with Architects, Engineers, Mechanical Engineers, Fire Engineers and Maintainers to ensure their uninterrupted operation.
- Regular checks and tests are necessary.
Fire safety depends on the interaction of many good practices. Prevention, detection, early suppression, compartmentalization, evacuation, structural safety and firefighting are the 7 levels that must be covered to ensure the fire safety of buildings.
3. SPRINGLERS
Fire sprinkler systems are crucial in managing fire incidents, activating only when the temperature inside the glass bulb reaches the designated operating level, leading to a water spray that suppresses the fire.
Studies show that most home fires activate a single sprinkler (72% of cases), effectively controlling heat and reducing toxic gas emissions.
Despite common misconceptions about reliability, sprinklers demonstrate a high success rate, with 99% effectiveness in containing, controlling, or extinguishing fires. They also minimize water damage compared to traditional fire service hoses, and significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and water usage.


In Europe, regulations governing the installation of sprinkler systems vary, yet there is a trend towards mandatory implementation in residential buildings, particularly in the UK and Nordic countries.
For instance, Wales requires sprinklers in all new residential constructions, while similar regulations are being adopted in Scotland and Norway.
The push for wider adoption is supported by evidence of the systems’ reliability, with reports indicating a reliability of 94% to 100% across various European countries.
Overall, the integration of sprinkler systems not only enhances fire safety but also contributes to more efficient building design and reduced environmental impact.